The Feminist Pro-Woman Line

The Pro-Woman Line refers to the idea introduced by 1960s radical feminists that women should not be blamed for their own oppression. The Pro-Woman Line evolved out of consciousness-raising and became a significant part of the Womens Liberation movement. The Pro-Woman Argument The Pro-Woman Line sought to explain contradictory behavior. For example, feminists applied it to makeup and other beauty standards. The anti-woman argument was that women participate in their own oppression by wearing makeup, uncomfortable clothes, girdles, or high-heeled shoes. The Pro-Woman Line said that women are not at fault; they just do what they need to do in a world that creates impossible beauty standards. If women are treated better when they wear makeup, and are told they look sick when not wearing makeup, a woman who wears makeup to work does not create her own oppression. She is doing what society requires of her to succeed. During the 1968 Miss America Protest instigated by New York Radical Women, some protesters criticized the female contestants for participating in the pageant. According to the Pro-Woman Line, the contestants should not be criticized, but the society that put them in that situation should be criticized. However, the Pro-Woman Line also argues that women do resist negative portrayals and oppressive standards. In fact, the Womens Liberation Movement was a way to unite women in a struggle they were already fighting individually. The Pro-Woman Line in Feminist Theory Some radical feminist groups had disagreements about feminist theory. Redstockings, formed in 1969 by Shulamith Firestone and Ellen Willis, took the Pro-Woman stance that women must not be blamed for their oppression. Redstockings members asserted that women did not need to change themselves, but to change men. Other feminist groups criticized the Pro-Woman Line for being too simplistic and not leading to change. If womens behaviors were accepted as a necessary response to oppressive society, how would women ever change those behaviors? The Pro-Woman Line theory criticizes the prevailing myth that women are somehow lesser people than men, or that women are weaker and more emotional. Feminist critical thinker Carol Hanisch wrote that women are messed over, not messed up. Women have to make less-than-ideal choices to survive in an oppressive society. According to the Pro-Woman Line, it is not acceptable to criticize women for their survival strategies.

Feedback Of Mock Interview At The Employment Support...

Feedback of Mock Interview at the Employment Support Centre, Algonquin College Preparation is vital for a successful job interview and getting a dream job. Mock interview is one of the best ways to get prepared for a real employment interview. This mock interview was conducted on the 27th of January, 2015 at the Employment Support Centre of Algonquin College. The sample interview questions are structured into four major sections, which are introductory, behavioural, problem/situational and technical questions. At the end of each section, the interviewer suggested better approaches to answer some of the questions in the section. The feedbacks from the interviewer include: i) When applicant is introducing his/herself, it is important to exclude personal or family information from self-introduction. ii) Clearly state reason(s) for choosing to apply for the position advertized and explain the reason for one’s interest in working with the company. iii) Conduct a thorough research about the company; it is expected of applicants to know some information about the company in advance. There is a need to know the company’s services, departments, mission/goal, areas of expertise, modes of operations, and the names of key officers, among other valuable information. The company’s website and search engines are sources of information about the company. These sources help applicants to answer commonly asked questions such as â€Å"Tell me what you know about this company† or Tell me why you

The Assassination Of John F. Kennedy - 1626 Words

The Assassination of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on November 22, 1963 at 12:30 p.m Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dealey Plaza.[1] Kennedy was fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while he was riding with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally s wife, Nellie, in a presidential motorcade. A ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission from November 1963 to September 1964 concluded that Oswald acted alone in shooting Kennedy, and that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald before he could stand trial.[2] Many people disagreed with the findings of the Warren Commission. Kennedy s death marked the fourth†¦show more content†¦the assassination of President Kennedy.[10] However, Kennedy s assassination is still the subject of widespread debate and has spawned numerous conspiracy theories and alternative scenarios. Polling in 2013 showed that 60% of Americans believe that a group o f conspirators was responsible for the assassination.[11][12] As of 2017, Kennedy is the most recent president to die in office. Who Did it? The fifty years since the assassination of John F. Kennedy have done little to quell the public s interest or skepticism about who killed the president. In 1964, a year after the president s death, the President s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, better known as the Warren Commission, concluded that Kennedy was killed by a single gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald, who acted alone and not part of a conspiracy. In 1978, however, another government committee, the House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations, found that in addition to Oswald, there likely was a second gunman who fired at the president s motorcade. The commission concluded that the gunmen were part of a conspiracy, without determining exactly who was behind it, opening the door to five decades and a cottage industry of theories. According to a 2003 ABC News Poll, 70 percent ofShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy982 Words   |  4 Pages O’Reilly and Dugard’s book, Killing Kennedy, is about the events leading to President John F. Kennedy being shot, as well as what happened after the assassination. This book also describes the rise and fall of John F. Kennedy. The authors also wrote about the Cold War, Kennedy dealing with communism, and threats of crime. January of 1961, the cold war was growing stronger and Kennedy was struggling with communism. During all of this happening, he was learning what it meant to be a president. HeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1620 Words   |  7 Pages Ever since the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, there has been controversy over whether the true gunman was held accountable. The United States Government claimed that it was an easy, open and closed case. They found Lee Harvey Oswald, close to ground zero, with a freshly fired riffle, immediately after JFK was shot. Contrary to the governments report, skeptics argue a vast scope of conspiracies to shed light on what they believe happened that day; ideas ranging from magic bullets, multipleRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassinations By John F. Kennedy Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Decades later, the Kennedy assassinations and surrounding mysteries continue holding public interest. Although their notoriety as charismatic leaders is a significant contribution, other factors regarding societal psychology deserve consideration whilst exploring this phenomenon. With these events occurring during a time that allows living witnesses, modern accessible evidence, various media covera ge, and visible modern impact, the mysterious Kennedy assassinations have the capacity to encourageRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Assassination1618 Words   |  7 PagesJohn F. Kennedy Assassination Was John F. Kennedy’s assassination a single shooter or was it a conspiracy? Since November 22, 1963 people around the world have wondered who it was that shot President Kennedy, and what for. So many questions have formed around this event, not just about who the shooter was, but also questions like what might the world have been like today if the shooting didn’t happen? The Kennedy assassination has been a mystery for many years. A lot of people hear about the differentRead MoreAssassination Of John F. Kennedy1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy â€Å"Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.† President Kennedy stated in his commencement speech at American University on June 10, 1963. John F. Kennedy was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 to his assassination in November 1963. There are numerous conspiracy theories involving Kennedy’s assassinationRead MoreAssassination of John F. Kennedy931 Words   |  4 PagesThe John F. Kennedy assassination is believed to be one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. Other assassinations of presidents didn’t have as many Conspiracy theories compared to the JFK assassination on November 22nd, 1963. Some of the theories include a Government cover-up, Mafia influence, and Cuban President Fidel Castro (Stern). T he assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, raised many questions thatRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1500 Words   |  6 PagesOn November 23, 1963, three shots were fired at President John F. Kennedy’s limousine in Dallas, Texas. The first shot went through the president’s neck, the second was the fatal shot that would ultimately end Kennedy’s life. There is a lot of speculation about what really took place in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Many people believe that Lee Harvey Oswald worked alone, but there are many people across the nation who think differently. Many theories can both support and disprove that LeeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesThe book I chose to read is The Assassination of John F. Kennedy by Lauren Spencer. It was published in 2002 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. It contains 64 pages. This book not only provides information on the killing of President Kennedy, b ut also information on his life, the arrested murderer s life, and more interesting background information and details. This books main objective is to go deeper into the case of John F. Kennedy s assassination, to discuss personal information about suspectsRead MoreAssassination of John F Kennedy1119 Words   |  5 Pagessixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building. However, did Lee Harvey Oswald, a crazy lunatic act alone in the assassination of President Kennedy. Both first – hand knowledge and visual evidence allows people to re – examine the events of this day and prove that there were other gunmen involved in the bombardment of our youngest elected president. John F. Kennedy was depicted as a nationwide hero to many Catholics living in the U.S. during the early 1960’s. He was idolized by severalRead MoreThe John F. Kennedy Assassination1803 Words   |  8 PagesU.S. History 102 Research Project The John F. Kennedy Assassination Cody D. Bindley History 102: 1865 to Present Instructor Sumner February 7, 2016 INTRODUCTION On November 22, 1963 President John F. Kennedy was attending a parade in Dallas, Texas. During this parade President Kennedy was traveling in a 1961 convertible Lincoln Continental limousine with the top down. President Kennedy was traveling in the third row passenger side seat of the vehicle, seated to his left was

Managing Practice Australian Organization †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Managing Practice And Theory Australian Organization? Answer: Introduction Officeworks Limited is an Australian organization that deals with the supply of office products and furniture. Its the leading organization that deals with the supply of office and business furniture and it is also the management of Wesfarmers Limited. Officeworks was established in 1994 by the Coles Myer group which was later occupied by Wesfarmers limited in 2007, it also developed very rapidly and bought some other office suppliers such as the Viking office supplies and Harris technology in 2004. From my perspective, Officeworks Limited is a very organization that has been able to operate all 160 retail stores which have been able to capture the required attention of customers effectively thus meeting its intended objective (Bartram, Robertson, Callinan, 2002). Measure of effective organization There are several ways that can be used to measure the effectiveness of a business or organization, these include; internal process approach, goal approach, domain approach, constituency approach, and system resource approach. Goal approach is the measure or analysis of how best an organization has been able to meet its goal and objectives that it had intended to achieve in certain duration of time or process. The internal process approach is an analysis that can be done in the internal condition of management and employees in achieving the required goals of an organization and mostly also by meeting the employee satisfaction. System resource approach is the how the organization is able to get its required resources to run it operations effectively as required without any disruption. Constituency approach is the ability of a business to operate effectively many of its organizational branches both internally and externally. Domain approach is the measure of organizational effectivenes s through the ability to become successful within other related competitions (Price, 1972). I think the effectiveness of Officeworks Company has been contributed by various achievements such ability to reach customers targets by availing their retailer stores near the customer reach and also providing more efficient services to the clients or their customers. The customer satisfaction is very of many high standards where one can be able to acquire products through various simple means such online shopping and through phone calls. Also, they have an operating team that is responsible for the assistance of small businesses on issues pertaining business expertise. The organization has managed to sell out brands to the customers having more than 300000 brands of its own. (Gundelach, 1989). Constituency approach can be used to measure the effectiveness of business through the analysis of organization satisfaction to both managers, employees, suppliers, customers and the government (Hitt, 1988). Effective ness of an organization can be well analyzed through owners or the managers of the organization ability to meet their set of objectives and having good profit returns to the business. Another party that should be considered in the measuring effectiveness of an organization is through the customer satisfaction. In order for any organization to be considered effective customer satisfaction is the key priority in attaining the good profit returns or feedback. Also organization effectiveness as to customer satisfaction it should be able to meet the required standards of the services or products expected by the customer. It should also be able to serve the community through giving back by community development and offering employment. Suppliers satisfaction by the organization can be through the ability of the organization to meet the required agreement between the suppliers of the organization and also the good relationship. The effectiveness of an organization to the government is through good revenue returns and the ability of the organization to be able to support the economic development of the country. A good example Officeworks has provided 7000 employment opportunities to Australian citizens who were jobless and it a great revenue contributor to the government (Kirchhoff, 1977). Organizational effective operational structure Effectiveness in an organization is determined by different number of reasons this include; proper business planning and structure, good organizational flow in communication and exchange of ideas within and outside the organization environment, and good business relationship between the creditor, suppliers, government, community and customers (Bowen, Chase, Cummings, 1990). The most effective method of approach so that an organization can fully satisfy all the stakeholder groups is the constituency approach method. The constituency approach method is the analysis done on an organization in determining whether its entire interior (employees satisfaction and enjoy all the benefits) and exterior factor (customer, suppliers, creditors, and the government) are fully satisfied or meet their expectations. In accordance with my research and experience with Officeworks Limited I believe the organization has been able to achieve most of its required objectives and has also been able to meet the customer's satisfaction as of expected. The organization has a very effective layout of standards through it 360 of retail stores, one can be able to access his desired product in an easy manner. A good example the stores have divided into different academic levels also as a student I have enjoyed the convenience of being able to get all that I require all under one roof (Connolly, Conlon, Deutsch, 1980). The Proper approach that meets all the analysis any business may require to fully satisfy its goal and objectives will also lead to very positive results towards the development of both the organization and economic status of its surroundings (Zammuto, 1984). Also as for my research a proper goal and objective achievement by the organization it also reflects good profit returns, and if all the stake holders in the organization are fully satisfied growth and development will also be reflected in the infrastructure and economic surrounding of the organizations. Conclusion In conclusion, effective organization is the one that has the ability to meet the organizational objectives and also satisfying wants of all the organization stake holders. The effective organization should satisfy the owner through good profit returns and growth of the organization, satisfying the customer needs and wants, being able to pay off debts from creditors, suppliers and the government revenue. In order for an organization to operate effectively, it should choose a very suitable approach that can be able to analyze all the required amenities to meet all the set goals or objectives and to also satisfy all the stake holders (Quinn, Rohrbaugh, 1983). References Bartram, D., Robertson, I. T., Callinan, M. (2002). Introduction: A framework for examining organizational effectiveness. Organizational effectiveness: The role of psychology, 1-10. Bowen, D. E., Chase, R. B., Cummings, T. G. (1990). Service management effectiveness: Balancing strategy, organization and human resources, operations, and marketing. Jossey-Bass. Connolly, T., Conlon, E. J., Deutsch, S. J. (1980). Organizational effectiveness: A multiple-constituency approach. Academy of Management Review, 5(2), 211-218. Gundelach, P. (1989). Effectiveness and the structure of new social movements. International Social Movement Research, 2, 427-442. Hitt, M. A. (1988). The measuring of organizational effectiveness: Multiple domains and constituencies. Management International Review, 28-40. Kirchhoff, B. A. (1977). Organization effectiveness measurement and policy research. Academy of Management Review, 2(3), 347-355. Price, J. L. (1972). The study of organizational effectiveness. The sociological quarterly, 13(1), 3-15. Quinn, R. E., Rohrbaugh, J. (1983). A spatial model of effectiveness criteria: Towards competing, values approach organizational analysis. Management Science, 29(3), 363-377. Zammuto, R. F. (1984). A comparison of multiple constituency models of organizational effectiveness. Academy of Management Review, 9(4), 606-616.

Practice in SME and Large Organizations- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Practice in SME and Large Organizations. Answer: Introduction In current trends, companies are more focused on fulfilling the customers needs and requirements by various types of new products and product development projects. As resulted, there are many new products innovations have been created in the world. In this manner, the concept of product portfolio is very helpful for the companies. Diverse portfolio can be considered as the way to improve the sales of the company and to meet the requirements of the customers in the market. Further, product portfolio can be seen as the leading trend where many products are introduced and then removed by the companies. There is the point to understand that the broad product range can be the cause of mass confusion by the customers so, it can weaken the overall sales of the products. The product portfolio of any company may expand rapidly due to some actions i.e. merger and acquisitions (Majava et al, 2012). The concept of product portfolio management is practiced in many areas of the company i.e. projects, IT, financial assets and product development. Based on the research of many authors, the portfolio management can be considered as the effective platform in strategic product development to focus on the successful and constant innovation within the company. Product portfolio basically deals with the market analysis, product development strategy and product life cycle management for new and existing products (Hnninen et al, 2012). So, product portfolio is the key element of product requirement and management at the enterprise level. It is all about the strategic choices based on the markets, technologies and products. In the portfolio management, product can be classified in many ways i.e., by customer segments, by hardware, by software, documentation products, services, product family, technology generation. This essay describes the concept of the product portfolio by using appropriat e marketing models and the industry examples. The essay demonstrates the application of the concepts of portfolio management by the various companies (Den Hartog, 2012). Product portfolio management The approach of the product portfolio management can be applied in the different areas for managing the set of business activities by the resources. The key objective of the portfolio management can be described as maximizing the values of portfolio, balancing the portfolio and connecting the portfolio to the business strategies (Saaty, 2013). Along with this, portfolio management can be considered as the higher management level in the decision making process to manage dynamic opportunities, uncertainty, strategic goals and interdependencies between the portfolio products to take decisions based on agreed criteria. Product portfolio management is an important task for the multi-product companies as the product portfolio ensures the corporate profitability of the companies in the market (Salvador, Forza Rungtusanatham, 2002). An effective portfolio management is important concept for the successful product innovation. Portfolio management is all about making strategic choices in whic h the business invests in terms of product and technologies. This is about resource allocation i.e. RD, engineering and marketing resources (Wan, Evers Dresner, 2012). Portfolio management basically focuses on the project selection i.e. on which project new product or development projects the companies will choose for the future success. So, in simple words, product portfolio management can be defined as the dynamic process in which the projects related to new products and developments are constantly revised and up-dated. In this process of portfolio management, the new projects are evaluated, selected and resource are allocate or re-allocated for the active projects (Stock, Ruth M. Nicolas, 2011). The portfolio management process is based on the changing information, multiple goals, dynamic opportunities, and various strategic considerations and various decision-makers and locations. New product portfolio management is kind of fairly mechanistic exercise done by the companies for decision making and resource allocation. There are some factors about product portfolio management and those are as follows: New product portfolio management deals with the future projects and opportunities so, there is the need of much information to make decisions in terms of project selection (Kester et al, 2009). Along with this, the decision environment is very dynamic and the status for projects in the portfolio is continuously changing so, new information in this manner is always available. Further, there are different stages of completion of the projects in the portfolio. So there must be comparison between the projects based on various amount and goodness of the information (Reguia, 2014). At last, the resources allocated in the projects are limited and the decision of funding one project may mean that resources must be taken away from another. So, it is important to focus that resources will be allocated equally to each and every project. Thus, every company and business industry needs to be evaluating continuously the performance of its marketing activities. This can be done by monitoring and analyzing how well every individual product is working under the product portfolio. The process of product portfolio is the technique used by various companies to identify the position of every product within the operating market (Brown, 2010). Based on various researches, the catagories in the product portfolio management which are described as follows: Product portfolio is well balanced and structured as it includes the combination of small, medium and large projects at the time of capture. Product portfolio management is the best practices for financial, competitive advantage and efficient resource allocation. New product development practices A study on the new product development by Ledwith (2012) revealed that the best practices in terms of new product development includes promoting greater success in launching and developing new products and services. The new product development practices include process, strategy, research, company culture, project climate, metric and measurements and commercialization. According to Duncan (2012), there are various companies that have implemented innovation governance. The best practices of innovation and product management focus on business processes, implementation plan phase address decision making first, avoid complexity and launching. Product portfolio management is another project management technique as it spans all the way from the vision of organization by project management to gain benefits and advantages in the market. Basically, product portfolio management is not fundamentally management of various projects, but it is about taking right decisions regarding selection of pr ojects to maximize the organizational benefits. Product portfolio management makes sure that right work is being done in the company (David, 2006). Relevant marketing theories in product portfolio Basically, there are various marketing theories and principles which are used by the various companies in the market. In the microeconomic environment, there is the need to link the marketing concepts with the management functions of any company (Pitta Pita, 2012). So, for the product portfolio analysis the theories and models are as follows: The Boston Matrix is the business model by which the company is able to analyze the products or services of the business in terms their share market. The company takes consideration about the rate of growth in the market. By using this method, a company can easily analyze the position of the each and every product in the market. In the figure, the position of the product can be analyzed by this figure. In this figure, the position of the market is divided in the four parts i.e. star, question mark, cash flow and dog. First factor is star which shows high market share with the high market growth. The star product of a company enjoys increased sales revenue. With the increased and growing market, the competitors are attracted. So, result is that company always spends much amount on the promotional activities. The business might be involved in the high capital investments to improve the profitability and capacity of the business. In short term investments, stars may be the cause of cash flow problems in the company because expenditures always exceed income. So, stars products in the company usually generate profit and support to other products in making profits (Schmidt, Sarangee Montoya, 2009). Cash cow is those products who have high market share with low growth market. These types of products often exist in the established markets which have reached on the maturity stage. Having low rate of growth in the market always discourages competition so; it is possible for the companies to spend less on the advertising. The high proportion of cash cows products is perfect for the companies which are seeking for high profit in the market. But the companies having cash cow products always want to develop new and innovated products in order to enter in to high-growth markets (Heising, 2012). Further, the next factor is question mark which can be said problem children for the company. These kinds of products compete in the competitive market having low market share and high market growth. The market is continuously growing and there is the strong competition in the market so, there is the possibility that future sales will increase even if the products does not increase in its share in the market. There are many new products that are problem children at first. So, for such kinds of products, there is the need of large amounts of market research and promotion for the success of the products. If they get success, then they will become stars or cash cows (Eggers, 2012). At last, dog is the last category of the products. These kinds of products have low market share with the low-growth market. So, companies need to think carefully about developing such kinds of products because they provide little scope to the company for profit making. At the time of recession, there are the chances that these products will be dropped (Brettel, Heinemann Engelen, 2011). This model can be easily understood by the example of Cadburys dog product. Cadbury is the famous company having wide range of products for the customers. One of the most favorite products of the company is Dairy Milk, Dairy Milk Whole Nut and Dairy Milk Fruit and Nut. In the range of the products, Whole Nut chocolates are often considered on the least popularity by many customers. So, the chocolate is the dog product for the Cadbury as they have only 1% of market share. Along with this, they have low growth rate also. But, all the dog products cannot be the problem for the company as although this product has only 1% of share in the entire market but the chocolate brings around 40 million every year in terms of revenue for the company. Each and every business, either big or small, should have a balance between these four types of products which are arranged in the Boston Matrix. The generated profit from the cash cow products can be used by the company to help finance stars and investment in the problem children products. By knowing the catagories of the products, the products of the company fall into useful areas i.e. The question mark or problem child products are helpful to make sure that the business of any kind of product is about meeting the needs and requirements of the customers in the operating market. So, it will be the star product in future. A star product of the company can be considered as the real revenue earner as these kinds of products always attract new customers in the business who may well buy other products within the portfolio including cash cows and problem children products. These kinds of products can establish the customers as the brand loyal. Although, it may need lots of cash investment to get success and remain available in the face of competition in the market (Nicholas, 2011). Now, cash cow products in the market are popular as it can be beneficial in providing the finance when there is the need to pay for the marketing of other products. These kinds of products are often the products which launch a company. At last, dog products are predictable. Although these kinds of products should be avoided by the company but the taste and choices of the customers change constantly. So, the companies should be aware about the products that what product will ultimately become a dog product (Ernst, 2002). So, the Boston Matrix is able to provide easy and quick way for the business to take right and correct decisions related to product portfolio and development. Now, there are some more theories regarding product portfolio and development which are described below. Basically, product life cycle provides the estimation of the sales of a product in the market. It provides an outline of the level of the products sales based on its development. This cycle provides the journey of a product from its birth up until its disappearance from the business portfolio. The above diagram shows the first real stage of a product i.e. development. The product is being researched and prepared for the introduction among the customers. Just because, the company has not started its business yet in the market so, there is not any kind of sales in this stage therefore there will be no revenue. The stage of various products life cycle is described below: First is the introduction stage which is also called birth of the product. This is the stage when the product is released in the market. As it is the new product so, everyone is not sure about the success of the product. But, there are many customers who are willing to try the new product so, sales will increase slowly. The pricing strategy is very important at the time of launching stage of the product. The pricing strategy always depends upon the category of product such as skimming of the price, and penetration pricing etc. The next level is the growth stage in which the sales of the product increase rapidly. At this stage, customers respond to the advertisements which have been put in the place. Result is that the brand recognition of the product has been established with the consumers who are satisfied with the customers. In the growth stage, profitability for the company has begun in taking effect (Grnlund, Sjdin Frishammar 2010). Next stage is maturity stage in which sales begin to its level off and very slightly slow down. At this stage, brand loyalty of the product is well-established among the customers. At the maturity level, various promotional offers are provided and they are still strong but the promotional strategies are being relaxed because brand awareness for the product is at the high level. Forth level which shown in the diagram is saturation. It is not so important stage but it is a point in the life cycle of the product. In this point, sales of the product are saturated at the highest level on which the company is ever going to be and after that, it slowly begin to decrease. The fifth and last stage in the product life cycle in which the sales of the product begin to decrease. There are many reasons of fluctuations in the level of sales at the time of maturity level so; it is often difficult to spot the decline in the sales. Decline in the sales can come down for many reasons but main reason can be that the product is viewed as the old fashioned or the improved version of that product is now available in the market for the customers. In such kind of situation, a company has two choices i.e. either discards that product and let it go into decline stage having very little expenditure or develop and implement extension strategies to try and stretch the length of the product life cycle in the market (Cooper, Edgett, Kleinschmidt, 2007). Having various kinds of products, companies want all of their products to be in maturity level as it is the stage at which the company is benefitting with the highest profit. In the market, the taste and preferences of the customers change so, they will buy the different products from the company or they will buy it from the competitors to satisfy their needs. There are many problems in the product portfolio and product life cycle. The main issues is that there is no certainty or accuracy about the products, it is just a prediction of event that at which level the product will get growth in the market. The product life cycle is not based on the change in the taste of the consumers. In present time, the taste and preferences of the customers are changing so, companies are offering more than one products to satisfy their needs and requirements. Companies expect that their products will have the long and happy maturity stage so that they can get higher profits in the market but again, i t is not sure that product will always stay on the maturity stage (Brem Voight, 2009). Enhancing shareholders long term value The role of marketing activities in the functional business process varies greatly. Marketing can be considered as the leading function in managing the relationship with the customers. It basically plays an important role in defining the value position in market, navigation and process management and coordination of the relationship management process. However, the roles of marketing activities process are dominated by technology and engineering-driven culture. To enhance the shareholders value in the market, companies must address the impact of marketing investment of business process. There are marketing theories and practices which improve the shareholders value in the market (Chao Kavadias, 2008). There are many sub-processes within the business process of marketing. Marketing theories are focused in the input of marketing strategies and decisions which impact both market place and financial performance of the company. The marketing theories connect the performance measure of marketplace such as brand loyalty including financial dimensions and reducing volatility of cash flows. Marketing principles and theories have important role in improving the values of shareholders in the business. To develop the winning strategies in the business, companies analyze and identify the contribution of marketing to development, design, integration and execution of the business processes (Coulon, Ernst Lichtentgaler, 2009). Along with this, companies should understand the impact of change on the shareholders while introducing new products in the market. Companies must assess the consequences of the cash flow in the decision, investment and commitment process. To enhance the shareholders value in the business, there are strategies which must be focused by the companies i.e. companies must understand the cash flow analysis methodology and the thought process. There is the process by which a company can improve the values of the shareholders. Company should estimate the minimum return on incremental sales which is needed to create the value for shareholders, Company should compare the return on incremental sales with recently realized rates and initial planning projection. By the estimation of increased sales, company will be able to analyze the total sales of products in the planning period. Next step is to estimate the shareholders value contribution for the various marketing strategies in the business unit and corporate levels. The shareholders value provides important information to the management in terms of greatest value in the market. Further, company should evaluate the financial feasibility of the strategic plan for any product. The evaluation of financial feasibility will be helpful in analyzing that it is fundable or not. To maximize the shareholders value, it includes the evaluation of the planned investment growth strategies of a company. Further, there should be financial self-evaluation done by the company at the business unit and corporate level for the strategic financial planning process. The companies that want to sell and establish the acceptable selling price for the shares and proper price for its product (Rappaport, 2006). So, to maximize the value of shareholders in the business, companies must adopt relevant marketing concepts and strategies. It is important for the companies to evaluate its financial feasibility to gain success in the market. Shareholders values for the long term basis are based on the good returns of the product in the market. So, it is important for the company to adopt the strategy valuator approach in terms of creating value for its shareholders and to contribute in the long term interest of the shareholder and the economy. Conclusion This essay is about the concept product portfolio and its importance in the companies having more than one product in the market. From the above discussion, it is observed that product portfolio is the key element of product requirement and management at the enterprise level. It is all about the strategic choices based on the markets, technologies and products. In the market, the taste and preferences of the customers change constantly so, the products are classified into customer segments, by hardware, by software, documentation products, services, product family, and technology generation. This essay has generated the understanding of product portfolio and its importance in creating shareholders value in the business. Further, there are concepts and theories in the product portfolio which are helpful in analyzing the catagories of products in the market. The Boston Matrix is helpful in dividing the product into various catagories based on their performance in the market. On the bas is of above discussion, it is analyzed that the position of the market is divided in the four parts i.e. star, question mark, cash flow and dog. Further, product life cycle is also important for analyzing the position of products in the market from its birth till death. 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